Keystone Pipeline political, economic and environmental implications

Keystone Pipeline political, economic and environmental implications Introduction The Keystone XL pipeline is a venture that is estimated to cover a distance of about one thousand nine hundred kilometers of thirty-six inch diameter in transporting crude oil that stretching from Hardisty, Alberta and extending all the way south to Steele city of Nebraska. Keystone XL pipeline project is critical for the improvement of the economy and enhanced energy sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Keystone Pipeline political, economic and environmental implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the pipeline project will be critical in enabling easy access of oil productions by the US oil producers. In fact, the project will benefit majorly from the large oil markets existing in the US. The project that is estimated to cost $5.3 billion, the largest transportation venture in the US currently is expected to come with a number of implications concerning the political, economic and environmental aspects. Therefore, the study will explore the political, economic and environmental implications of the Keystone XL pipeline. In essence, comprehending the implications of political, economic and environmental factors before approval of important projects such as the Gateway Pipeline is critical (McAllister 54). The main objective of the study is to examine the implications of political, environmental and economic factors before the establishment of the Keystone XL pipeline. The economic, political and environmental implications have not often been critically looked at while approving major projects such as Keystone Pipeline. Examining the implications of such factors is important before such projects are undertaken. Therefore, the study of the economic, political and environmental implications is critical for both academic and practical purposes. Literature review The literature analysis will provide a description of the relevant important information on the economic, political as well as the environmental implication of the approval or the censure of the Keystone pipeline project. Specifically, the literature review focuses on various studies that have been conducted on the environmental, political and economic implications of similar projects around the world. According to the studies that have been conducted, the environmental, political and economic implications of major projects such as the Keystone XL pipeline are immense (Wang 545).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Studies have indicated that projects are approved under the circumstances where the benefits supersede the costs and negative effects (Wang 545). Most successful oil and gas pipeline projects have greater economic benefits to the industries as well as the general economic growth of the country or countries it connects. Moreover, environmental implications are highly considered by most of the oil and gas pipeline projects. The reason is that the oil and gas have great impact on the environment in case of leakage. In fact, most of the studies on the environmental implication of oil and gas industry have narrowly focused on such impacts (Hirschberg 15). However, the effect of environment goes beyond the pipeline to the emissions that are generated by the pipelines as well as related industries. Political implications All major projects have political implications ranging from political decision-making process to government relationships. The implementation of major projects requires political will and government cooperation in terms of resources management, security and financial obligations (Harnly 23). In the circumstances that the project involves multiple political boundaries, inter-governmental relationship is highly required. Moreover, both private sector and governments finance most of the major projects. The Keysto ne XL pipeline that has to be undertaken across various states. For the project to succeed there is need for state cooperation. The pipeline construction will have effects on various environmental laws as well as state regulations. However, legal requirements can be amended to suit the developmental needs of the pipeline. In essence, the pipeline will have little political implications. Economic implications The construction of the project will employ about nine thousand expert American labor units. In other words, employment prospects will be available to the welders, mechanics, electricians and pipefitters. In addition, job opportunities will be offered in terms of safety coordinators, heavy equipment operators and other personnel in the construction industry to sustain their livelihoods (Harnly 23). Further, studies show that approximately seven thousand five hundred employment openings in the US are sustained by the steel manufacturing industries. In principle, the manufacturers of steel pipes, fittings, valves, pumps as well as control devices are bigger beneficiaries of oil pipeline ventures.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Keystone Pipeline political, economic and environmental implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More TransCanada Corporation, the Alberta based Energy Company that specializes in the development and operation of energy infrastructure in North America, has a connection with over fifty dealers in various states within the US. The corporation has employed over three thousand five hundred Americans in the construction of the Gulf Coast pipeline. Most importantly, the building of both the Keystone XL and the Gulf Coast pipelines will have positive economic implications in terms proceeds to the local and state governments. For instance, the projects are expected to generate over $20 billion to the overall economy as well as $100 million in local governments income and $490 million to the state governments. Further, the pipeline ventures will produce over $5 billion in terms of property taxes. Canadian Energy Research Institute contends that the Keystone pipeline will boost the America’s GDP in terms of proceeds and creation of employment opportunities in the next twenty-two years. Specifically, the institute contends that the project will boost the US gross domestic product by $175 billion and avail 1.9 million-person years of work. Generally, the pipeline venture will create job prospects as well as generate tax proceeds to the state governments thereby leading to the growth of the economy (McAllister 54). To begin with, American families will get jobs as welders, mechanics, equipment operators, truck drivers and laborers thus improving their livelihoods. Second, the venture has the potential of creating a number of business opportunities such as clearing, lodging and accommodation as well as maintenance equipment brought about by high d emand for the local goods and services. Lastly, the project will sustain the livelihoods of the society as well as increase the flow of tax proceeds in terms of property taxes across the US. The tax revenues will be invaluable in the operations and support of the local programs, disaster services, health and educational programs.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Environmental implications The construction of Keystone pipeline pledged to undertake the safety measures considering the environmental implications. Actually, pipelines are considered the safest and the most proficient medium through which fossil fuels can be transported (McAllister 84). In the United States, over ninety-five percent of oil and natural gas pipelines transports are safe and unswerving. The pipeline venture has incorporated special safety conditions in its design and the construction. In other words, the project has included remote-controlled shut off valves as well as augmenting the examination of the pipelines, concealing the pipes deeper into the ground and using solid pipes at river crossings. The anticipated Keystone itinerary has identified the significance of the local land and topsoil conservation thus efficiently perform the construction taking into account the importance of land reclamation process. Further, with the vast experience in the building and the operation of pipelines, TransCanada Company has devised measures that will minimize adverse effects to the endangered species, habitat, water crossings as well as the paleontological resources. Moreover, the pipeline’s high-tech controls will provide updates concerning any problems within the pipeline. Discussion and Analysis From the study, quantitative performance parameters are very vital in the determination of the implications. The direct economic gains, the public perceptions and the possible environmental hazard determine the quantitative measures that are used. Based on the parameters the implication of the factors was emphasized. According to the study findings, the environment becomes one of the major concerns by not only the public but also the industrialists and the governments. As a result, the project has taken keen measures to avert any environmental hazards that may occur. Another important environmental aspect that came out is how the project as well as relat ed industries will deal with the issues of carbon emissions. The major argument was that the pipeline increases the utilization of carbon fuels that causes an increase in the emissions. However, the proponents of the project argue that the measures taken are in accordance with the global requirements and conditions that have been put in place to reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere. In addition, the US environmental regulations require that companies particularly dealing in fossil fuel have to meet environmental conditions that ensure reductions of emission in the atmosphere. Actions such as meeting the oil and gas pollution standards and carbon sequestration are some of the environmental precautions that will be undertaken by the project. The environmental oversight agencies have made it mandatory for companies to comply with not only the US environmental regulations but also global requirements. While considering the economic parameters through direct benefits including emp loyment opportunities, supportive industries, contribution of the project to the Growth of GDP, the results indicate an increasing trend. The indication is that there are increased benefits of the project. In essence, the environmental, economic and political indicators show positive impacts on the implementation of the project. Depending on the empirical indicators, the Keystone XL pipeline should be approved. Conclusion The economic, political and environmental analysis indicates positive implications of the project. The conclusion that can be drawn from the analyses is that the approval of the project will have positive results particularly on the economy despite few concerns over the environmental issues. In other words, the economic benefits are greater than the imminent costs. The economic, political, social and environmental evaluations are critical before the approval and implementation of major projects. Depending on the results of the environmental, economic and political implications, Keystone XL pipeline should be approved. Harnly, Nick. Cost-Benefit Analysis and the environment. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Print. Hirschberg, Stefan. â€Å"Environmental, economic and social criteria and indicators for sustainability assessment of energy technologies.† Project Management Review, 6.2 (2007): 3-28. McAllister, Donald. Evaluation in Environmental Planning: Assessing Environmental, Social, Economic, and Political Trade-offs. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2010. Print. Wang, Yan. â€Å"Environmental impact assessment of projects: new law, old problems.† Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23.2 (2003): 543–579. Print.

The Theme of Dedication in the Movie Chariots of Fire Essay

The Theme of Dedication in the Movie Chariots of Fire - Essay Example This is because it involves the making of significant sacrifices, crucial decisions and options. It additionally involves the taking of several bold, courageous and unusual steps. At times, the choices may be tough if two vital options are involved. It is such choices that may lead to criticisms and discouragements from others. In this case, dedication plays an essential role in giving an individual the will to continue while bearing in mind the benefits of his or her activities. Ultimately the fruits of the action of dedicated people are shown from the impact they create in the society as well as the reputation they present to the society. Dedication and Perseverance in â€Å"Chariot of Fire† The main theme brought out in this movie is that of dedication and commitment. This is shown in the events and results of the races in which Abraham and Liddell participated. It is revealed that for an individual to have this strong drive of dedication there is an underlying reason. This is considered the main element that makes him strong in the implementation of his actions. Abraham notices a high level of anti Semitism among the staff and students at the University of Cambridge. He is convinced that he can take part in an activity that will prove the ability of Jews to succeed and thus eliminate prejudice (Bradshaw par. 1). It is one of the actions that he uses to cover their prejudice and superior feeling by ignoring their criticisms. Liddell, on the other hand, gains enjoyment from serving God as a son of missionary parents. In spite of his sister; Jennie’s disapproval, he is convinced that, through his participation in competitive running, he will get a chance to glorify God (Ben, Charleson and Havers). This is before he goes for missionary work in China. As such, his main dedication is in the overall service of God in different fields. In addition, the action in which someone is to be dedicated should elicit the feeling of enjoyment. Despite the preju dice Abraham enjoys taking part in the Gilbert and Sullivan club. As such, dedication id brought about by various motivational factors. They include the numerous wins and victories that Abrahams gets within the college and in other national competition (Bradley, 576). These include the first time historical win at the Great Court run. It is these activities that give him the confidence of a greater win. It is from this that he attains the dedication to run in the effort to fight prejudice. In â€Å"Chariots of Fire† dedication is detected to be made stronger by the faced obstacles. During the 400 meter race, Liddell is tripped by a Frenchman. He is like Abraham, equally motivated by his performance, and recovers the distance to his win (Ben, Charleson and Havers). This opinion is especially influenced by their convictions to take part in the race. Nonetheless, the main difference between the intended purposes of the Jew and Christian in running activities also reveals this. W hile the Scottish Eric Liddell does it in order to glorify God, the Jewish Harold Abraham runs to escape from prejudice. The desire to achieve these purposes in the race prevents them from being discouraged and instead provides them with the strength to pursue their goals towards success. They thus possess a powerful will despite their different religious and racial affiliations. Ben, Charleson, and Havers use it to show that dedication in the same field surpasses the differences in different aspects.

Business Outreach program - Anaytical report Research Proposal

Business Outreach program - Anaytical report - Research Proposal Example The American Housing Family is an organization that deals with equipping homeless and low-income individuals and families, providing permanent affordable housing, and improving their lives to become self-supporting members of the society. Even though this project is of great help to the homeless and the less fortunate, the issue of ventilation standards is a major matter to the peoples’ health. Poor ventilation standards result inthe risk of easily conducting dangerous diseases like asthma. A research that was done in 2009 showed that above 50% of homeless people had at least one respiratory manifestation. Another publication on Building and Environment in 2012 showed that improvement in air conditioning reduces the risk of asthma symptoms to the residents. Companies who engage in such projects not only stand a chance to fame but also grow economically and socially. Deploying the HVAC by Solaris to the American Housing Family will boost Solaris growth and also Products’ recognition globally. Solaris will also gain the merit of quality product trust at little or no cost which is the main weapon to success. Many companies strive and use a lot of their resources while trying to gain customers trust with their products. â€Å"Joining the society contributes to an atmosphere of integrity, social awareness, and excellence† (Tichy, McGill, & St. Clair, 1997, p. 173). Our group chose The American Housing Family for the Outreach Program due to the fact that they have local shelters in OC County and have different types of housing. They have wide recognitions globally and reputations for awards. Solaris deploying community services to the American Housing Family will improve on global recognitions, social and economic

Grid Iron Gang Essay Example for Free

Grid Iron Gang Essay 1. Clearly identify the movie watched. The movie I decided to watch for this project was Gridiron Gang. 2. What stereotypes or assumptions are made about the ethnic or cultural group? That they are criminals might be juvenile delinquents, uneducated, thugs or gang members and that they are trouble makers. 3. What is/are the identified issues of one of the many characteristics? Discuss at least two. Roger weathers was one of the main characters that the movie started out with. One issue was that he had to much time to be on the streets. Obviously he did because the movie started out with him being in the juvenile detention center. With all this time it allowed him to be out wondering the streets committing crime but also mix with the wrong people. The second issue was that he was a known gang member. Once he was released, he went right back to that same lifestyle and ran into some friends that were in trouble and he got killed. 4. Discuss at least one theory of delinquency and how it might apply to one or more of the characters in the film? In the book there are psychological theories. Psychoanalytic approach is a theory is composed as a structure with three parts, the id, ego and super ego. The id is the part of one’s personality that is comprised of unconscious biological and psychological desires and instincts. The ego is the part of one’s personality that represents the identity of the actual behavior. Finally, the superego is the part of one’s personality that represents the conscience and moral character of the individual. If the id is stronger than the superego, delinquency is more likely to occur. I think that this theory applies to Kenny bates in the film because he stole a car. I don’t think he needed the car, he just wanted it. Also I think it applies to bug wendal because he robbed an old woman for her money. 5. What are some of the risk and protective factors you can identify for one or more of the characters in the film? For Roger weathers some risk factors I could come up with are: low involvement in the four key areas, gun possession, chronic truancy, police trouble and gang membership. I could not think of any protective factors for him. For Willie weathers some risk factors I came up with were: low involvement in the four key areas, violence and aggression, gun possession and gang membership. I could not think of any protective factors for him as well. I couldn’t think of any protective factors for either of the characters because we get to see the home life of Willie and it doesn’t seem to be so much of a happy home. The mother seems to get beaten by her boyfriend and Willie seems as if he has all the free time to run around in a not so good neighborhood. As for roger, I’m just guessing it’s the same lifestyle for him since he also participated in a gang and in criminal activity. 6. Did the movie give you hope or inspiration? Or did you feel sad and depressed? Why and how? The movie gave me hope and inspiration. I felt good about the outcome of it. It ended happy and the juveniles all played the football game with all their heart. It’s because in the beginning they didn’t seem to work well together, getting in fights and not playing as a team. Throughout the movie they kept getting closer and closer and playing better together and when they really needed to they pulled it through in the end and won that game. It made me look at them different even though they it’s not real life.. The stragedies and whole thought of the delinquents coming together and accomplishing something they all wanted in custody, was a wonderful thing.

Representation of Manners :: essays research papers

Representation of Manners   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel of manners is a novel that focuses on the customs, values, and mindset of a particular class or group of people who are situated in a specific historical context (Bowers and Brothers 5). The context tends to be one in which behavior has been codified and language itself has become formulated, resulting in a suppressing or regulating of individual expression. Often, this type of novel details a conflict between the individual’s desires and the ethical, moral, economic, or interpersonal mandates of society (Bowers and Brothers 5). The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton is a novel of manners concerned with the subtle nuances of behavior and standards of correctness portrayed by the upper-class of New York in the late 1890s. In the novel, Wharton uses the genre to depict Lily Bart’s struggle to maintain individualism while conforming to society’s expectations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel of manners developed in the 19th century as authors explored the place of women in society and the social effect of marriage (Bowers and Brothers 4). These authors wanted to show in particular the problems that come with marriage as well as with the problems of conforming to society. The world of the novel of manners was perceived as a woman’s world, viewed from a woman’s perspective (Bowers and Brothers 4).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The genre developed four specific conventions in the 19th century. Out of the four, three of the conventions are represented in The House of Mirth. One of the conventions was that the protagonist of the novel was usually a single woman looking to get married. The second convention dealt with the woman’s understanding of the socio-economic class within the novel. This was an important factor because it determined whom the woman would marry. The third convention found in The House of Mirth was the novel ending with the marriage or death of the protagonist, the case of Lily Bart, death. The House Mirth portrays all these conventions in the novel but instead of Lily conforming to society, Lily attempts to develop her own self-identity and independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lily Bart, the protagonist of The House of Mirth, was an unmarried 29 year old woman who desired to be a social success â€Å"[or] to get as much as one [could] out of life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wharton 81). Her mission was to marry a relatively wealthy man, thereby ensuring her financial stability and a place in the higher levels of New York society.

A House in Gross Disorder

A sex scandal – that too accompanied by charges of sodomy, doesn’t sound theoretically convincing enough to be lauded as the chief antagonist of a book that would elaborate the manners of the early seventeenth century English society.The heinous nature of the scandal and the noble family it badly marred collectively demanded a thorough and scrupulous historical documentation that would serve as a bold yet honest evidence of the truth in times of secrecy and puritanical approaches. In A House in Gross Disorder: Sex, Law, and the 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, Cynthia Herrup takes up a bold task of chronicling an emperor’s debauchery and the subsequent fall from grace.On the surface, the book vividly records a tale of sodomy, rape, corruption and revenge. But Herrup goes beyond the notions of conventional morality, and excites the readers with an insightful telling of how a man of noble origin was incriminated by a system which was essentially naà ¯ve and passive.Moreov er, the case of the 2nd earl of Castlehaven directly implies the latent anxieties involved with the very structure of power, which can be applicable to modern societies as well. Mervin Touchet, the earl of Castlehaven, was charged with serious offenses of actuating the rape of his own wife and of performing sodomy on one of his servants.This case received so much public attention that researchers have later on found evidential grounds to address to a number of social, religious and ethical issues involving the hindsight of power and authority, tyranny, deviance, legal entailments of suppression, and the inevitable implications of patriarchal domestic setups.A House in Gross Disorder: Sex, Law, and the 2nd Earl of Castlehaven captures the nature of governance that prevailed in the royal court of Castlehaven prior to the grisly events, and how it brought about the condemnation and beheading of the earl in 1631. In a way, the author discusses and explains the situations that led to the debauchery and disorder in the Castlehaven household.It is to be clearly understood that Cynthia Herrup does not merely tell us a shameful event, but she actively engages our consciousness and awareness about the relevance of such an event in contemporary society by collating key points concerning sex, able governance and the role of a transparent and competent legal system. Hence the main thesis argument Cynthia Herrup tries to propagate in the book is not what happened, but why it happened.The Touchets settled in the Castlehaven in 1620 and immediately exercised their sovereign power in the locality. There was an underlying wave of nobility and religious leniency about the way the head of the household directed both the internal as well as external affairs.Despite being an old family dating back to the times of the Norman Conquest in England, the Touchets never really went out to establish a fortunate identity for themselves, partly because of their inheritance and injudicious tr ends of marriage.Eventually it was the convicted earl’s father George Touchet who understood that â€Å"the surest path to wealth and status was a combination of service, supplication, and judicious marriage.† (p. 10) His expertise as a soldier and good administrator was well circulated, fetching him widespread recognition.But his son’s escapades, as Herrup wants us to show, are not to be confused with his own status or credibility. Stuck in a perpetual state of dynamics in terms of religion, politics and law, the stage was almost set for the ensuing chain of events that would bring ignominy to the Castlehaven family. An act of sodomy, according to the Christian convictions, was extremely degrading and morally reproachable offense.Long before the Castlehaven case, the English society was unrelenting in despising such activities. As history has it, the aristocrats in the Elizabethan times were frequently accused with similar charges, the most notable being in the cases of the Earls of Oxford and of Southampton. Due to the passive nature of the mass acceptance of crimes such as rape and sodomy, majority of these cases lay under cover and never really attracted too much attention other than a reviled broadcasting.Even men hailing from blue-blooded families had the grit to stand up to the charges brought against them – presumably for testifying to their self-confidence and beliefs in a patriarchal supremacy. But according to the prevalent Protestant notions, sodomy was typically an un-English crime usually committed by the Italians and the Turkeys who were believed to have very little sense of self-restraint and moral values.But Mervin Touchet was neither an Italian nor a Turkey, nor was he supposed to be stripped off the conventional Protestant values. So the logical question remains – why did he engage in such treachery?Herrup attempts to guide us through the convoluted system of monarchy that somehow isolated many of the young earls in the beginning of their tenures. Lack of traceability in terms of peer connections and the general tenor of mistrust and passivity at the core of the family seemed to generate a deficient measure of ethics for the accused person in contention here.Five chapters are assigned to this book, making the task of unfolding the events and their interpretations a smooth one. The first chapter recounts the history of the Castlehaven’s ancestry, their land acquisitions, and how the premonitions were about to unveil themselves.From the perspective of a historian, this chapter is thoroughly required for the sake of critical research. Herrup introduces in this chapter the obvious difference that prevailed in the moral domains of two of the earls of Castlehaven, resulting in the disorderly affairs at Fonthill Gifford.The second chapter directly goes into the central topic of the book, e. g. the allegations of assistance in rape and sodomy brought against the 2nd earl.From informati ve contexts, this chapter abounds in charges that eventually incriminate the earl on the ground of circumstantial as well as concrete pools of evidence. It was Lord Audley who first brought the disturbing charges against the earl, stating that he was purposefully denied of his inheritance as the earl had an unusual propensity to one of his servants Henry Skipwith.This set the ball in motion as allegations of sexual perversion and provoked acts of sexuality started raining. The Privy Council intervened into the matter and questioned most of the family members, including the accused ones. Finally in 1631, charges against the earl were found legitimate after a prolonged trial and he was convicted of rape and sodomy.Herrup inducts the evidences to support her arguments in the third chapter. The first thematic construct involves the obligation for men to control their emotive responses for the greater good of their families and loved ones. No doubt it was completely taunted by the Castle haven to doom his own fate.The second important argument concerns the faculty of self-respect and honor in dealing with potentially unruly confrontations. This too lacked in the case of the 2nd earl of Castlehaven. The third argument, same as the second one, brings into the forefront of consideration the need to remain firm to sacred religious beliefs.All the three aforementioned arguments can be exemplified in a nutshell. As the head of a domestic setup infested with â€Å"sly servants and unruly women† (p. 74), Touchet engaged in disgraceful activities and supported the same in others (p. 79), and he was alleged to have questionable associations with Roman Catholicism and Ireland (p. 81). Hence the earl was comfortably drawn as debased and therefore, shamefaced for some reason.For the readers, it is virtually impossible to decipher the extent of his guilt, and that is precisely what the author tries to say in the book. It is basically a trial which is to be closely examined in the contemporary social context of deviance, homosexuality, tyranny and power games. So it may easily be inferred that this book is for a select band of readers – those with idiosyncratic viewpoints and a commanding grasp over the Elizabethan history of England.

The Common Relations Of Slavery And The Civil War Essay

The common relations of slavery are between slavery and the Civil War. Most would argue that slavery ended in 1865. With this standpoint, we often brush off or neglect to further investigate slavery in its most modern forms. Over the course of history, there are few times we can truly say a social problem was completely solved. Starvation still exists, as does poverty, racism, war, segregation, injustice within government systems, and yes, even slavery. Human trafficking is modern day slavery, and it exists everywhere with two different categories: sex exploitation and labor exploitation. Human trafficking is not new, but what is new is the volume of trafficking taking place, and how little we know about it. How can a problem, so monstrous and so widespread continue with most society being unaware of its existence? The 1800’s, and even years’ prior, were a period of unfathomable abuse towards people considered less than. The 21st century is also a period of unfathomable abuse towards people considered commodities. Now the common place relation between slavery and the civil war must be over, because the monster of modern day slavery has awoken. Human trafficking has key components and facts, such as the staggering numbers of victims. The official definition of human trafficking is the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation (Dictionary.com). Per the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC), traffickingShow MoreRelatedThe Reconstruction Era And The Jim Crow Era1525 Words   |  7 Pagesthe cultural and legislative level. The Reconstruction Era occurred directly after the civil war and spanned twelve years from 1865 to 1877 , while the Jim Crow Era occurred from 1877 to 1954. Some of the common themes of these eras were race relations and tension between northern states and southern states. 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